The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior. Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases), Media (books, films, periodicals, albums), Terminal laboratories in veterinary education, Dissection choice policy in Massachusetts, Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research, Common ground: animals, women, environment, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research, Howard, Carol. NEAVS supports using alternatives to animals in research, testing, and education, and promotes in vitro, epidemiological, and clinical study data as more predictive for humans. NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. Rodents may not be relevant models, because their physiology and response to infection are not sufficiently close to those of humans. Cost must probably be decreased further to allow for whole genome sequencing of large numbers of animals. Fogelson, K.B. [50], NEAVS is a founding member of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC) and its Leaping Bunny program, which provides consumers with information about certified, cruelty-free companies that do not use animal testing during any product development stage. Email - NEAVS/Project R&R responds to IOM chimpanzee Betsy Ferguson (Oregon NPRC), Robert Norgren (University of Nebraska Medical Center), Jeffrey Rogers (Baylor College of Medicine), and my former NIH colleagues Drs. One solution that has been proposed to meet acute, high-demand situations is to maintain modestly sized reserve colonies of macaques that can be used specifically to deal with sudden increases in demand due to emerging pathogens. There is a distinct disconnect between the very high level of support of the pubic for medical research aimed at ameliorating disease and the discomfort of many with the animal-based research that is essential for development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines. Chan NHP-related studies of CVD also provide good examples of the use of multiple NHP species; the authors discuss the relative merits of different species for specific types of investigations. The petition aimed to reclassify captive chimpanzees as endangered. . Spring 2005. A major goal is to develop better drug formulations or new approaches that can sustain viral remission, also called a functional cure without ART, or eradicate virus completely, called a sterilizing or classic cure (NIH Office of AIDS Research 2017). These new approaches cannot be pursued in the absence of an animal model that can replace the chimpanzee. [3], Author Cleveland Amory was NEAVS president from 1987 until 1998. New England Anti-Vivisection Society - Infogalactic: the The authors cite several examples of the use of NHP models to validate therapies in humans. E BE Underpinning all of these studies is the close similarity in physiology between the NHP and human respiratory systems. NEAVS' Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Animal Research in Women's Health and Sex Differences funds a woman committed to alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences in research results. . The winner of the contest, Joseph Greene of Dorchester, Massachusetts, later reached out to lawyer and doctor Philip Peabody, one of the contest judges, with the idea of forming an anti-vivisection society. The US National Research Council Institute for Laboratory Animal Research and the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research in the United Kingdom have provided guidance to journal editors, authors, and reviewers regarding information that should be included in publications relating to experimental animals (National Research Council 2011; Kilkenny et al. Combined and coordinated use of NHPs, other relevant animal models, and alternatives could enhance the ability to successfully develop pharmaceuticals with improved probability of success in human clinical trials. and vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops), are the most common animals in these colonies. In these cases, NHPs must be the primary, and perhaps only, animal model relevant to translation. Chen NHPs were critical preclinical models for development of these antiviral drugs (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017). WebThe National Gene Vector Biorepository. D M Development of transgenic animals that closely replicate human diseases, particularly using CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches (reviewed by Chen et al. As stated by Capitanio (2017), A model is, by definition, a simplified representation of a phenomenon, and the very process of simplification means that some of the complex reality is lost. Furthermore, use of NHPs versus other models such as rodents is complicated by the many human-like characteristics of NHPs, leading to questions from researchers, stakeholders, and the public about their use for research. Investigators in all parts of the world, including the United States, Europe, and Asia, would greatly benefit from reviews that summarize the capabilities of these Asian centers in more detail. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA), 36(4), 381-428. The majority of animals used in experiments are purposely bred for research. 1 0 obj For examples, New England Anti-Vivisection Society states on its website that it is dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education. These societies are well funded and skilled at communicating to the public. Department of Health, Office of Newborn Screening. The relatively large size of NHPs can also be important for sample collection, application of diagnostic assays, and imaging (see e.g., Havel et al. Proof of principal of this approach has been reported by Cornish et al. NHP centers are therefore foci for developing improvements in experimental techniques, animal welfare, and breeding in addition to their function as suppliers of animals. Sanctuaries funded in the past include Animals Asia Foundation, Chimp Haven, Fauna Foundation, and Save the Chimps. However, despite a relative lack of supply, investigators were able to develop a macaque-based model to help understand pathogenesis (Dudley et al. Neeves. [2], In 1890 George Angell and the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (MSPCA) held an essay contest entitled "Why I Am Against Vivisection". In response to the general problem of reproducibility of both basic and preclinical research using animals, the NIH has recently published new requirements for grant applications, which will be part of peer-review and programmatic consideration (Hewitt et al. Chimpanzees have also been moved by truck from various centers to the Chimp Haven sanctuary within the United States, as mandated by the NIH (Reardon 2015), following a complex review process that involved, among others, the US National Academy of Medicine and the NIH Council of Councils and Directors Office with input from researchers and stakeholders. TA Annual membership to the NNEVS gives you access to CME events, networking opportunities and much more. Vision research provides one of the most clear-cut examples of the advantages of NHP preclinical models because of the close physiological similarities between humans and NHPs. WebAccording to our records, this business is located at 45 Memorial Cir in Augusta (in Kennebec County), Maine 04330, the location GPS coordinates are: 44.3101021 (latitude), -69.7801427 (longitude). Topics covered in detail include: tuberculosis; viral hepatitis; HIV/AIDS; neurodegenerative disorders; Substance abuse disorders; vision and prevention of blindness; disorder associated with psychosocial processes, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness; cardiovascular disease; metabolic disease, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome; respiratory disease; and female reproduction, prenatal development and women's health. Marina Emborg summarizes the features of three major neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Huntingtons diseases. C Presentation slides from the spring and fall conferences are now available to all registered attendees with password access. These authors recommend that all TB vaccine trials first be tested in NHPs before being performed in humans. This is a major goal of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and their partners efforts to develop a vaccine with sufficient efficacy, as discussed in the NIH Office of AIDS Research Strategic Plan for fiscal year 2018 (Office of AIDS Research 2017). WebNEAVS was nominated in the public awareness category for our Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign (releasechimps.org). Dr. Capaldos verbal testimony: Committee on Chimpanzees in , Lutz C. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. . National Association for Biomedical Research , Bales KL, Capitanio JP, Conley A, Czoty PW, tHart BA, Hopkins WD, Hu SL, Miller LA, Nader MA, Nathanielsz PW, Rogers J, Shively CA, Voytko ML. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. WebThe NADL (later renamed the National Animal Disease Center, or NADC) contained research and regulatory laboratories. R The rhesus macaque, which is the species most frequently used by academic investigators in the United States, can be obtained from the NPRCs, CROs, and other US centers, with reasonable waiting times. WebNYITCOM Associate Professor of Clinical Sciences Maria Pino, Ph.D., has co-authored a new research paper that makes a strong case for why a golden spice commonly found in curry could enhance ovarian cancer treatments. , Mehra S, Lackner A, Kaushal D. Griffin John Capitanio describes research that identifies individual rhesus macaques housed at the California NPRC that can be used as models for loneliness, behavioral inhibition, and social functioning, among others. Defining translational research: Implications for training, Prospects for genetically modified non-human primate models, including the common marmoset, Generation of transgenic non-human primates with germline transmission, SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks), Mitochondrial gene replacement in primate offspring and embryonic stem cells, IACUC review of nonhuman primate research, Tackling HIV and AIDS: Contributions by non-human primate Models, Introduction: Global laws, regulations, and standards for animals in research, NMP models for understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS, Biopharma CRO industry in China: Landscape and opportunities, The population genomics of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) based on whole-genome sequences. The ability to readily sequence individual animals has prompted the champions of this technology to suggest large-scale sequencing of many more animals, particularly rhesus at the NPRCs (Bimber et al. WebThats why we created the animal protection movements first publicly accessible research and transparency toolthe Animal Research Laboratory Overview (ARLO). There are many examples of all of these uses of NHP genomic sequences in the literature, and I expect that the use of genomic sequences will increase markedly in the future. I am a psychologist and President of New England Anti-Vivisection Society. Marr, [91] D. Disharoon, B.G. JP Peabody agreed, and Greene began organizing a number of Boston's influential individuals. Project R&R successfully led the charge to end the use of chimpanzees in U.S. biomedical research and testing. JE These prevalent diseases include HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and defects in vision, among others. Foreman The ability to transport NHPs by air has changed dramatically in the past several years. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. John D. Harding at. BN WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the I also hope these reviews will provide critical basic information on the use of NHPs for translational research to the very large number of stakeholders, including patients, involved with these high-profile diseases and to the general public. For example, Xue et al. Email - eNEWS: NEAVS makes Lush Prize short list and (2) To conduct high impact research that improves the lives of people with blood disorders. This effort was accompanied by an innovative use of the internet to report the details of experiments in real time before publication, as an aid to other investigators. , Olivier M, Spradling-Reeves K, Karere G, Comuzzie A, VandeBerg J. Cyranoski [13][14] This work resulted in the first and strongest anti-pound seizure law in the U.S.[15] As of 2013, 18 states had banned pound seizure. NEAVS NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary. [29] [20] The resulting test better predicted human lethal blood concentrations. Although it would be impractical to publish the entire animal record for each experimental subject, these records contain a great deal of information that could be mined by qualified investigators to aid in the design of experiments and to form the basis of retrospective studies that could include animals or tissues derived from them from several different centers and investigations. 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. (2015), Phillips et al. As reported by company scientists, estimates of failure rate range from 89% (Begley and Ellis 2012) to 7580% (Prinz et al. An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research Bailey, J. Specifically, I thank the NPRC Directors, Drs. Sasaki [16], In 1985, NEAVS began funding Bjorn Ekwall, PhD, chairman of the Cytotoxicology Laboratory (CTLU) in Sweden,[17] a laboratory which designs and validates alternatives to animal research, to develop an in vitro method of toxicology testing capable of replacing the LD50 test,[18][19] which assesses substance toxicity based on the dose that kills 50% of animals in the test. , Raveendran M, Harris RA, Fawcett GL, Liu X, White S, Dahdouli M, Rio Deiros D, Below JE, Salerno W, Cos L, Fan G, Ferguson B, Horvath J, Johnson Z, Kanthaswamy S, Kubisch HM, Liu D, Platt M, Smith DG, Sun B, Vallender EJ, Wang F, Wiseman RW, Chen R, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Yu F, Rogers J. Zubari PJ The authors also point out that NHPs are well positioned as models to understand the effects of new drugs of abuse as they are introduced into societies. Richard Stouffer and Teresa Woodruff review the use of NHPs to study critical issues related to womens reproductive health. Use of chimpanzees led to development of vaccines that prevent Hepatis A and B and antivirals that are curative for Hepatitis C. These authors also provide a summary and timeline of the events that lead to a cessation of the use of chimpanzees for invasive biomedical research and the decision by the NIH and US Congress to move these animals to sanctuaries, a process that is not yet complete. New technologies, alternatives, and clinical and epidemiological studies in humans can provide us better, more relevant answers without causing animal suffering. , Walker C, Lemon S. Liu Neeves. In response to a request by members of the US Congress, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a workshop in December of 2016 entitled, NIH Workshop on Ensuring the Continued Responsible Oversight of Research with Nonhuman Primates. The final report can be accessed at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf. %PDF-1.5 NHPs are particularly relevant because of their highly developed cerebral cortex, cognitive functions, complex motor skills, and neuroanatomy, all of which are similar to the human. Federal legislation introduced in 2015 gained momentum toward ending These classes of animals are needed to keep breeding colonies at optimal levels to support the number and diversity of NHP-based translational studies and thus can be in short supply for investigations. In addition, animals are kept in sterile, stressful environments that cause them to develop abnormal physiological and behavioral responses. The website for the US National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) includes short discussions of the use of NHPs to study several different diseases (https://www.nprcresearch.org). Cynomolgus macaques are imported from Asia and provided to academic and industrial investigators by CROs. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Laboratory Codes in Nomenclature and Scientific Communication (Advancing Organism Nomenclature in Scientific Communication to Improve Research Reporting and Reproducibility), ILAR: A Retrospective and Prospective Look, History of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicines Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, History of the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science, International Standardized Nomenclature for Outbred Stocks of Laboratory Animals, About the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, The Critical Role of NHPs in Translational Research, National Association for Biomedical Research 2016, https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf, https://www.mdanderson.org/research/departments-labs-institutes/programs-centers/michale-e-keeling-center-for-comparative-medicine-and-research.html, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/02/nih-review-its-policies-all-nonhuman-primate-research, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.100412, https://fbresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/NHP-White-Paper-Print-08-22-16.pdf, https://www.oar.nih.gov/strategic_plan/fy2018/OAR_18_StrategicPlan_P10_508.pdf, http://www.nature.com/news/nih-to-retire-all-research-chimpanzees-1.18817, https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/scientific_committee/scheer/docs/scheer_o_004.pdf, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. Project R&R (2) To conduct high impact research Thus, there must be a parallel effort to accomplish more sophisticated NHP phenotyping in large numbers of animals. In these 3 Rs alternative successful approaches to testing consumer products have been created. M A second example is the varied stress that is experienced by macaques that are in different places in the dominance hierarchies within the colonies that are the basis of group housing of these animals. NHP centers provide animals and collaborate with diverse researchers from both academic and commercial laboratories. Marr, K.B. These authors also comment on emerging areas in the field of female reproduction, including infection with Zika virus and the potential use of transgenic technologies such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to create new disease models relevant to translational research related to womens reproductive health. [24], NEAVS' affiliate, the Ethical Science and Education Coalition (ESEC), lobbied and testified before the Massachusetts state legislature in support of a bill that would have given public school students the right to opt out of dissection classes. These conditions are correlated with negative health outcomes in humans, including development of autism and asthma. Lisa Miller and colleagues review the role of NHP preclinical models for understanding and treating a number of severe respiratory conditions, including damage to the airway associated with inhaled ozone and tobacco smoke, diseases associated with airway inflammation (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and infection with viruses such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, and others. The Experimental Use of Chickens and Other Birds in 2010), NHPs are used in discovery phases that directly precede formal translational research and in the T1 phase, which transfers the results of basic research to clinical research, often called bench to bedside.. 2016). Therefore, changes in transportation policies by the major airlines have been inhibitory, but not disastrous. Coulston is cited for multiple violations of the , Ellis LM. Maine Biomedical Research Cltn is categorized under Foundation Educational Philanthropic Research (SIC code 8733). This combination of local control of specific protocols and country-wide governmental regulation provides codified, publicly available regulations, such that a given Center or Laboratory knows exactly how it must house and use NHPs for research. Rise for Animals (NEAVS) | Boston, MA | Cause IQ The development of breeding and technology centers in China and Japan is a more recent phenomenon that is impacting translational research (Cyranoski 2014, 2016). The articles in this issue of the ILAR Journal provide a rich and nuanced picture of the utility of NHP preclinical models for understanding and treating human disease. These centers also include the laboratories of researchers that are experts in NHP-related research. [22][23] A survey completed by the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association in 2007 indicated that half of U.S. vet schools no longer require terminal labs in core courses. Our mission is to provide an opportunity for the Northern New England Sonographers, not just vascular, but all sonographers a means for continuing medical educational programs and sharing of opportunities for growth. WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and , Liesz A. Manolio As issue editor, I expect that these reviews will be of use to many different researchers, including clinical investigators as well as personnel in funding agencies, as would be expected. WebThe American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) offer a $40,000, one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant (with possible renewal) to a woman interested in developing, validating, or using alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences. Strange [25] In 2004 after the bill was vetoed by Governor Mitt Romney, who said that the decision should be made by the Massachusetts Department of Education,[26][27] ESEC's continued advocacy led the State Board of Education to issue a policy in 2005 allowing students to choose alternatives to dissection. Problems related to transportation can therefore be troublesome for researchers. In the past several years, there has been considerable discussion regarding the reproducibility of animal studies and therefore the utility of animals for translational research. [46], NEAVS' Common Ground initiative includes two initial campaigns incorporating support for women in science and environmental stewardship with its animals in research mission. Human vaccine trials based on NHP preclinical models have not demonstrated sufficient efficacy to warrant large-scale application to human populations but have provided critical information that can be used to develop more effective vaccines (Office of AIDS Research 2017; Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017, and references therein). NHPs have been critical animal models for development of all current approaches aimed at halting the AIDS epidemic in humans, including developing anti-retroviral therapies, decreasing maternal-fetal transmission of HIV, testing microbicides, and designing more effective strategies for development of efficacious AIDS vaccines.
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