Just because the report you receive says you have legal weather, don't always assume it is accurate. Furthermore, their own assumptions about the enemy must be consistent with those of their higher commander. The goal of this step, generating options, is to determine one or more of those ways quickly. Using the product from generating options, the leader then determines what combinations of Soldiers, weapons, and other systems are needed to accomplish each task. Other events, such as disasters and those precipitated by military forces, stress and affect the attitudes and activities of the populace and include a moral responsibility to protect displaced civilians. Civil considerations are important when conducting operations against terrorist or insurgent forces in urban areas. Routine, cyclical, planned, or spontaneous activities which significantly affect organizations, people, and military operations, including seasons, festivals, holidays, funerals, political rallies, and agricultural crop/livestock and market cycles and paydays. Where will the enemy establish firing lines or support by fire positions? Determine the purposes to be achieved by the main and supporting. A-77. A-92. The product must reflect the results of reconnaissance and shared information. The refined product is a platoon situation template, a graphic showing how he believes the enemy will fight under specific operational conditions. The COA statement specifies how the unit will accomplish the mission. He also may make sound assumptions about the enemy, human nature, and local culture. Operations/actions consist of numerous activities, events, and tasks. After developing the COA, the leader analyzes it to determine its strengths and weaknesses, visualizes the flow of the battle, identifies the conditions or requirements necessary to enhance synchronization, and gains insights into actions at the decisive point of the mission. Visual Aids Gaining local support can best be accomplished by the leader who demonstrates dignity and respect to the civilian population he is charged to protect and train. A-75. Staff COA. Risk assessment is the identification and assessment of hazards allowing a leader to implement measures to control hazards. Identifying a tentative decisive point and verifying it during COA development is the most important aspect of the TLP. To identify additional control requirements. Near the ground, high winds increase turbulence and may inhibit maneuver. A-62. Identifies how the enemy may potentially fight; the leader weighs the result of his analysis of terrain and weather against the higher headquarters situation template. A-60. Observation and Fields of Fire Soon we had turned back and all the instruments were reading straight and level. Will the current weather favor the use of smoke to obscure during breaching? First, leaders consider TTP from doctrine, unit SOPs, history, or other resources to determine if a solution to a similar tactical problem exists already. He compares their COA with the enemy's most probable COA. Composition Develop a Concept of Operations -Tasks and purposes of the decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations. They were calling for three miles visibility, which is certainly legal weather. The decisive operation's purpose is nested to his unit's overall purpose and is achieved at his decisive point. A good enemy COA tells a story. It is also why he must clearly explain his intent to his subordinates. Will temperatures and humidity favor the use of nonpersistent chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear? A-100. The shaping operations purposes are nested to the decisive operation's purpose by setting the conditions for success of the decisive operation. Even if time is tight, the leader should allocate as much time as possible to factor, starting at the objective area, and analyzing other aspects of key terrain. Assumptions Courses of Action (COA) Refined COAs Potential decision points War-game results Initial assessment measures Update assumption Approved COA Adv/Disadvantages of each COA COA. Leaders also consider the effects of manmade and natural terrain in conjunction with the weather on friendly and enemy operations. As a result, he changed his report to three-quarters of a mile visibility. Structures BMNT, sunrise, sunset, Cloud Cover Forward area arming and refueling points. A-42. Little effort is needed to enhance mobility, but units might have to zigzag or make frequent detours. Following these or similar guidelines will result in a higher mission accomplishment rate, a lower weather-related mishap rate and a better image of aviation professionalism. A-109. A-31. The next day, we were then able to make it back to our home base, but not without encountering a slight amount of bad weather along the way. The second mission variable to consider is the enemy. How do I gain or maintain control of key terrain? Pajota's Guerillas' mission is to block off a mile of road through the use of road blocks on both sides of the highway bridge cross over Cabu Creek of an estimated 300 yards northeast from compound. An intervisibility line analysis enables the leader to visualize the profile view of terrain when only a topographic product (map) is provided. We discussed the weather conditions and decided to keep an eye on it. Higher headquarters provides the leader with civil considerations affecting the next echelons mission. An example of a basic COA sketch is shown in Figure 1-1. How obvious are these positions to the enemy? PDF Chapter 3 MILITARY DECISION-MAKING PROCESS (MDMP) A-67. Ethnic dynamics include religion, cultural mores, gender roles, customs, superstitions, and values certain ethnic groups hold dear which differ from other groups. The co-pilot turned the aircraft and started a climb in preparation for an emergency GPS recovery. In the end, the usefulness of mission analysis lies in recognizing and capitalizing on opportunities. Identify the essential communicators and formal and informal processes used to influence people. These effects translate directly into conclusions applying to friendly or enemy COA. The leader must answer these questions: Precipitation Analysis of troops follows the same logic as analyzing the enemy by identifying capabilities, vulnerabilities and strengths. This tentative decisive point forms the basis of his planning and COA development; it also forms the basis of communicating the COA to his subordinates. FRAGORDs. If a solution does not exist, the leader must develop one. A-114. Heavy cloud cover can degrade many target acquisition systems, IR guided munitions, and general aviation operations. For armored forces, steep slopes, densely spaced obstacles, and absence of a developed road system characterize severely restricted terrain. Relying on the technology rather than my senses, I transitioned inside to the instruments and noticed our nose starting to rise and our airspeed slowing. The leader must avoid developing his situation template independently of the higher commander's guidance and S-2's product. At the hangar, the crews continued loading the utility vehicles with necessary supplies and equipment for the mission. It was about a 20-minute flight and as we got closer, the dust storm worsened. Array initial forces. In order to keep communication at a standstill, phone lines are cut connecting the outside to the camp before the attack. You may begin work on the COA S&S after you have . Leaders must continually improve their situational understanding What is the location of current and probable enemy positions? The decisive point might be where or how, or from where, the unit will combine the effects of combat power against the enemy. Lessons Learned Defining other influential organizations or groups of influence allows for information collection. Determine Time Phase Lines (TPLs) and Mobility Corridors 3. With the preflight accomplished and the gear prearranged where we wanted it, we headed for the dining facility to grab dinner before our long mission. War gaming helps the leader fully synchronize friendly actions, while considering the likely reactions of the enemy. This situation template is portrayed one echelon lower than developed by the higher headquarters S-2. This includes those personnel outside the area of operation whose actions, opinions, or political influence can affect the mission. Specified tasks also may be found in annexes and overlays, for example-- "Seize OBJ FOX. The S-3 informed us where friendly forces were in our area, while the S-2 filled us in on where the action was in our battle space. By focusing on the motivations for civilian labor and creating essential services and prosperity where there was none, unit leaders/commanders can win the support of the civilian who now can feed and clothe his family and now has clean running water. A-78. A-45. Military Decision Making Process (Mar 08) 2 How does the operation affect the civilians? Search and attack operations are conducted by smaller, light maneuver units and air cavalry or air assault units in large areas. At small-unit level, the enemy's most probable COA is what the enemy is most likely to do. This characteristic addresses terrain analysis from a civilian perspective. 8. What axes afford both clear fields of fire and cover and concealment? Capabilities can refer to the ability of local authorities to provide essential functions and services. These can include areas needed after combat operations and contracted resources and services. What terrain has higher headquarters named as key? What additional assets are required to accomplish the mission? STEP 3 - Course of action development Flashcards Preview - Brainscape Finally, given the scale with which the leader often develops his situation template, on a 1:50,000 maps, the situation template should be transferred to a graphic depiction of terrain for briefing purposes, as the situation allows. A-36. COA statement should identify -Decisive point, and what makes it decisive. A-93. AGADAP Example Walk-through Part 2: COA Sketch - YouTube A-50. From this analysis, he might be able to determine patterns in the enemy's employment or troops and equipment. Areas of operation. In doctrinal terms, he asksIs the enemy oriented on the terrain, example, a reconnaissance force, his own force (assault force, terrorists, or insurgent forces), civilian forces or critical infrastructure (terrorist or insurgent forces, sabotage), or other supporting or adjacent friendly forces (as in a disruption zone)? A-115. "Send two Soldiers to assist in the loading of ammunition. Categories of terrain, restricted terrain hindering movement somewhat. Course of Action Development, Offense Temperature crossovers, which occur when target and background temperatures are nearly equal, degrade thermal target acquisition systems. This fact forces leaders to determine how to get assistance when the situation exceeds their capabilities. When the mission window passed, he canceled the mission. Identifies the enemy's strength by unit. Population statuses overlays can best describe groups and define what feelings the group has toward American forces. Why (the units purpose, taken from the companies concept of the operation). A-59. Another example of essential terrain for a platoon and squad in the attack is high ground overlooking the enemy's reverse-slope defense. How will this affect friendly and enemy target acquisition? Where can I support the movement of a friendly force with mortar, medium machine gun, or Javelin? Leaders must identify and understand tasks required to accomplish a given mission. This product is similar to the MCOO in it shows the critical military aspects of terrain. The reason the staff used the selected control measures. This process is designed to facilitate the decision-making process. The problem statement generated during problem framing communicates the commander's understanding of the problem or problem set upon which the organization will act. Will wind speed cause obscurants to dissipate quickly? Start with Situation Template 2. Course-of-Action Development and Analysis - GlobalSecurity.org The population within a prescribed area of operation comprises several different groups, both ethnically and politically. Reconnaissance is critical in developing the best possible enemy scenario. There four goals include. The leader identifies critical factors about temperature, including high and low temperatures, infrared crossover times, and effects of obscurants and This can require reduced aircraft payloads. Leaders must understand how their units' purposes relate to higher. Once identified, risk must be reduced through controls. Where will the enemy be unable to concentrate fires? Defined Operational Environment SELECT HERE, By CHIEF WARRANT OFFICER 2 DWAINE L. ESCH, C Company, 2nd Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment, 1st Air Cavalry Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, Fort Hood, Texas. How and when they do so depends on when they receive information as well as on their experience and preferences. If the information is available, he determines the echelon force where the enemy originated. He might do it personally, by map, or with his subordinate units, or he can use the assets and information provided by the battalion reconnaissance platoon. A-56. Capabilities A-70. . Analysis of terrain answers the question: What is the terrains effect on the operation? When (this is the time given in the company OPORD). What we had was conflicting weather briefs from reliable sources. The leader goes past observing to application. Leaders understand their second higher up concepts of the operation. Terrain is important for friendly observation, both for commanding and controlling and for calling for fire? A-104. Some temperature considerations include: A-65. This aspect of civil considerations reinforces the security of the community against poverty and other enablers to instability. Leaders assign responsibility for each task to a subordinate. A-118. Yet, when we actually made it to our destination, we could not see the other end of the airfield. Most terrorists and insurgents depend on the support or neutrality of the civilian population to camouflage them. A-43. He made an informed decision to put the crews on standby in case the weather lifted. Leaders understand their immediate headquarters concept of the operation. For decisive operations, since the purposes are the same (nested concept) the essential task also accomplishes the higher headquarters purpose. We stopped our climb at a base altitude of 3,000 feet and returned to the airfield. For example, if the specified task is "Seize Objective Fox," and new intelligence has OBJ FOX surrounded by reinforcing obstacles, this intelligence would drive the implied task of "Breach reinforcing obstacles vicinity Objective Fox.". 7. A-47. Will wind speed and direction favor enemy use of obscurants? He locates intervisibility lines (ridges or horizons which can hide equipment or personnel from observation). Likewise, he must understand enemy doctrinal objectives. Given more time, they might analyze the remainder of their platoons area of operation and area of interest. He also identifies positions where artillery observers can call for indirect fire. The graphic depiction of terrain can be a photograph, overlay for a map sheet, or a terrain model. In order to make the creation of COA diagrams eortless for the user, interaction must occur eortlessly and the interface should be invisible to the user. The unit has the technical and tactical skills and resources to accomplish the COA, with available time, space, and resources. War gaming, depending on how much time is devoted to planning, provides. How will each avenue support movement techniques, formations and, once we make enemy contact, maneuver? COA analysis begins with both friendly and enemy COA and, using a method of action-reaction-counteraction war game, results in a synchronized friendly plan, identified strengths and weaknesses, and updated risk assessment. Compile data from other bases and other crews to help your crew make an informed decision about your mission. This should include at least the employment of reserves, CBRN weapons, artillery or mortar locations and ranges, and reconnaissance assets. Specified Tasks. It is beneficial for flight crews to know the area's weather trends. What are the strengths and weaknesses of subordinate leaders? They identify the tasks and purposes, and how their immediate higher up are contributing to the fight. A-74. Visibility These significant deductions drive the planning process and execution of operations. Based on the S-2s assessment and enemy's doctrine and current location, the leader must determine the enemy's capabilities. The five military aspects of weather are visibility; winds; precipitation; cloud cover; and temperature and humidity. For sustaining operations, it accomplishes the assigned purpose, which enables both the shaping and decisive operation (again, nested concept). How can I take advantage of the limited illumination? A-83. The CCIRs identify and filter information needed by leaders to support their vision and to make critical decisions, especially to determine or validate COA. This reconnaissance helps him to see the ground objectively and to see how it will affect both forces: A-54. The concept of the operation is a framework to assist leaders, not a script. A-64. OAKOC. If more than one COA is developed, it must be sufficiently different from the others to justify full development and consideration. Some precipitation questions to answer include . Even if time is tight, the leader should allocate as much time as possible to factor, starting at the. Analysis of civil considerations answers three critical questions, A-90. Strength Sustaining operation purposes relate directly to those of the decisive and shaping operations. Biographical Sketch. You may begin work on the COA S&S after you have completed the C600 block of instruction and the C634 MDMP Exam. How will precipitation (or lack of it) affect the mobility of the unit or of enemy forces? What (the unit's essential task and type of operation). Will the sun rise behind my attack or in my eyes? factors of the overall operations. The leader ensures every unit in his command is employed, every asset is attached and adequate mission command is provided for each element. Match. The essential task is the mission taskit accomplishes the assigned purpose. A-79. A-24. The leader also must identify civil considerations affecting his mission. A-111. It enables him, A-123. Which terrain provides bounding elements with cover and concealment while increasing lethality? He also determines the sustainment aspects of the COA. A-68. Whether it is set times for prayer, shopping or commuting, people follow patterns. Controlling this area could prove critical in establishing a support by fire position to protect a breach force. A-72. The observer must observe both the impact and effects of indirect fires. PREPARE COURSE-OF-ACTION STATEMENT AND SKETCH STEP 1 Development begins with the staff analyzing relative-force ratios. What lateral routes could the enemy use to threaten our flanks? Events When possible, the observer conducts a ground reconnaissance from both enemy and friendly perspectives. It can do this by masking the target or by reducing overhead clearance. A-122. To anticipate events within the area of operations. Civil considerations include the influences of manmade infrastructure, civilian institutions, and attitudes, activities of civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an area of operation, with regard to the conduct of military operations. Also, unit leaders who study the history of civic culture can better understand and explain to others how and why the people have fought previous wars and conflicts. He determines the disposition of the next two higher enemy elements. Where is the dead space in my area of operations? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms fancy Study by Action statement, Classes of Action Sketch, COA statment and sketch additionally see. In the defense, weapon positions must be both lethal to the enemy and survivable to the Soldier. Click the card to flip . Analyzing the enemy answers the question, "What is the enemy doing and why?" He begins TLP Step 3 after he issues his own WARNORD, and after he has received companys third WARNORD, or until he has enough information to proceed. He must not take these as facts. He must be able to see his own tasks and enemy actions in relation to time. The platoon leader begins mission analysis when receiving the mission. Determine where events will occur that differentiate between EN COAs (these become NAIs) 4. A-120. Figure C-1 shows an example of the COA sketch and text (COA statement) that go with the OPFOR countertasks listed above. _____ (60 points total) COURSE OF ACTION STATEMENT The leader must avoid unnecessary complicated mission command structures and maintain unit integrity where feasible. Course of Action Statement/Sketch - Study Research Papers An appreciation for time, space, and triggers needed to integrate direct and indirect fire support, obscurants, engineers, air defense artillery, and chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear with maneuver platoons (Infantry, antiarmor, or tank) to support unit tasks and purposes identified in the scheme of maneuver. What avenues would support a friendly counterattack or repositioning of forces? This process highlights critical tasks, stimulates ideas, and provides insights rarely gained through mission analysis and COA development alone. The upwind force usually has better visibility. On another mission, we were told we had legal weather, the forecaster reporting three miles visibility. Time refers to many factors during the operations process (plan, prepare, execute, and assess). MS200 Video lecture about Course of Action (COA) Sketch and Concept Statement The views expressed are those of the speaker and do not reflect the official policy or po MDMP: Course of Action. In effect, such a sketch and statement comprise a set of high-level actions, goals, and sequencing, referring largely to movements and objectives of the friendly forces, e.g., "Task Force Arrow. To identify friendly coordination requirements. Although EEFIs are not part of the CCIRs, they still become priorities when the leader states them. Leaders must understand impact of their actionsas well as their subordinates actionson the civilian population, and effects they will have on current and future operations. For armored forces, unrestricted terrain typically is flat or moderately sloped, with scattered or widely spaced obstacles such as trees or rocks. Acceptable. A-124. He does this analysis through war gaming or "fighting" the COA against at least one enemy COA. COA Development Flashcards | Quizlet They must assess if the new information affects their missions and plans. Leaders also must determine if terrain is decisive. Consider all nonmilitary groups or institutions in the area of operation. Battle, support by fire, and assault by fire positions. This is a demo of how to draw a COA Sketch as part of COADEV (Course of Action Development) for use briefing your Operations Order (OPORD) for MS200. Cover and concealment is just as vital as clear fields of fire. Organizations of influence force the leader to look beyond preexisting civilian hierarchical arrangements.
coa statement and sketch example