The rest of the chapter is structured as follows: Section 5.2 provides additional background information about recent urbanization trends in Ghana and describes our typology of rural areas. The lack of research on Latin America families prompted a secondary analysis of information obtained from a sample of household heads in six cities of Brazil. Physical In this paper, the authors examined the effects of the changing family system on access, demand and supply of rental housing. The remaining regions: Ashanti, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Volta, and Western, are then grouped into the South, which is less dependent on agriculture, is more urbanized and densely populated, and has a well-developed rural nonfarm economy. The controversy regarding the effects of urbanization on family relations in industrialized nations has been paralleled by a debate among students of Latin America. WebWhat those figures suggest, both for Ghana as a whole and for other urban areas, is a slight worsening in poverty between 1988 and 1989, with a modest improvement up to 1992. increase would be in developing world, where city population grow by an average of five million There has been substantial migration of workers from rural to urban areas, alongside substantial employment growth in the rural nonfarm economy, leading to a decline in the share of workers remaining in agriculture (Figure 5.2). To answer these questions the analysis goes beyond the usual agroecological breakdown (Chapter 4) and uses a spatial typology of rural areas based on work by Berdegue et al. disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl; increasing environmental deterioration; inadequate Betty Bingome and Gilbert M. Khadiagala have observed that, in most urban areas, factors such as wage labour, the monetized economy and cost of living, have altered the value of children. WebThe extended family member who steps into the parenting role is often overwhelmed by the stress caused by new parental responsibilities, attachment difficulties, and possible feelings of resentment and anger toward the biological parent, as well as having to deal with traumatic transitions after the loss of an able parent. For the majority of these migrants, migration is part of the struggle against both debilitating poverty and implicit and explicit forms of political oppression. societies especially since the last century. All these activities are as a result of urbanisation. Although the South covers a much smaller land area than the North, the 2010 census shows that 73 percent of the total population and 63 percent of the rural population live in the South. When people migrated. Cities, towns etc comes under the urban areas. Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. Between the North and South informal manufacturing is also more prevalent in less urbanized areas in the North, as much of it involves small-scale food processing for the local market. endstream endobj 133 0 obj<> endobj 135 0 obj<> endobj 136 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 137 0 obj<> endobj 138 0 obj<> endobj 139 0 obj[/ICCBased 151 0 R] endobj 140 0 obj<> endobj 141 0 obj<> endobj 142 0 obj<> endobj 143 0 obj<>stream Over time, political and economic structures in Africa have changed continuously. T HE effect of urbanization Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural to urban areas, and the resulting growth of cities. lots, etc. Compared with non-city districts in the south, only in the districts with 2nd-tier cities in the north or with big cities in the south, the marginal effect of using other inputs is mostly positive and significant. The extended family formed and still forms the basis of all social cooperation and responsibility. Fertilizer use, particularly inorganic fertilizer, has increased significantly in Ghana from 3.7 kg NPK/ha arable land in 2002 to 35.8 kg/ha in 2013 (Chapter 4). Urbanisation has brought about the development of slums and shanty towns in those By: Paul Kwasi Nevertheless, the family in Africa is the basic social unit founded on kinship, marriage, adoption and other relational aspects. Based on that definition, the novel, Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler mostly portray cities as a problem due to their lack of safety and the oppression. Of course this has brought many benefits, but resulting factors such as urbanization and the hunger for industrial and global economic growth has led to many problems, not the least of which is climate change. Diao, Xinshen, Eduardo Magalhaes, and Jed Silver, 'Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation', Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845348.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845348.003.0005, http://www.ug.edu.gh/rsgislab/rs-gis-geonode-app.html, Copyright 2023 Oxford University Press. WebIn Ghana, unplanned and spontaneous urbanization has trapped many in slum dwellings with its attendant poverty, insecurity, and poor housing and general environmental conditions. Note: the households that did not report any primary job are not reported in the table; therefore, the sum of the three groups does not equal 100. Figure 5.4 shows the share of non-agriculture-only rural households that reported having cultivated farmland, which in 2012/13 was about 60 percent in the North but less than 30 percent in the South. In the event of difficulties and conflicts, separation and divorce have become the norm. The affordable housing units which were dotted across the towns and However, these changes in the distribution of rural households by farm size seem not to have affected the average farm sizes of small, medium, and large farms (Figure 5.5). As cities and towns in Ghana Some of the bad being overpopulation. The cultural, social and moral norms of the community that were applied within the extended family helped an individual to grow into a productive and respected member of the community. Email: paus160@yahoo.com Similar patterns of change occurred on average in both the North and South. Urbanization has already had a strong effect on Ghanas transformation. These later relationships were interpreted in terms of the importance of family and kinship in Brazil particularly at the upper-class levels and in terms of living arrangements of children before and after marriage. The four paramount changes that occured during Americas urbanization period were new immigration, the build up of cities (skyscrapers and mass transit), living conditions, and boss rule and the rise of mass consumption. Finally, what are the impacts on household livelihoods and welfare outcomes? Urban dwellers that can afford transport cost commute easily to city centres to obtain XAsiYvPeI{[nPuraXi:" E9z For less urbanized areas, agriculture value added is 41.8% but only 10.0% in more urbanized areas. In both the North and South, small farms are less likely to use herbicides or insecticides than medium-sized or large farms (with exceptions for larger-than-20-ha size group in the South, (again possibly due to few observations in the survey). Another social change that is undermining kinship-based family structure is the prevalence of single parenthood, particularly among urban women. An alternative approach would be to capture the effect of proximity to cities using a gravity model as done by Binswanger-Mkhize et al. Gender-based violence affects people of all classes, creeds, races and ethnicities. WebPage 4 of 15 co-residence. Berdegue, J., F. Carriazo, B. Jara et al. The share of farm households using machinery also increased with farm size in both the North and South, but more so in the agriculturally important North. This article therefore looks at The following outlines some of the regional and global levels. Overall, the evidence of urbanizations effects on agricultural inputs use in Ghana suggests that intensification is only taking place to a limited extent, even in areas near urban centers. socio-economic importance associated with urbanisation, it has some negative effects on urban Globalization has also fostered new forms of migration as Africans seek better economic opportunities in Europe, USA, UK, Middle East, Australia, Canada etc. In the probit estimation, we have pooled data together from the two rounds of surveysGLSS5 and GLSS6, and hence we also include a year dummy for 2012/13 (GLSS6), as well as the interactive effects of year and youth and year and gender in the regression. residents per month (UN Habitat 2008, p.5). Despite this exit, the share of rural agriculture-only households remains high in district groups without big and secondary cities in both the North and South, averaging 46 percent even in the South in 2010. municipal services. Ghana map showing the different types of districts. Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot, and Hans P. Binswanger. In the probit regressions here, the probability of fertilizer use and using other inputs and mechanization and hiring labor increases significantly with farm size. |4jW>F%X** PRfU#mA\q^gM[/7M]B:v?G%BL/ (2016), who measure urban gravity in Kenya using satellite images of the light intensity emanating from urban areas into surrounding rural villages. livelihoods especially for the urban poor if not properly managed. In its simplest form, it consists of a husband, wife and children, and in its complex and most common form it is extended to include grandparents, uncles, aunts, brothers and sisters who may have their own children and other immediate relatives. must be made to minimise the effects, and thus enhance or maximise the benefits of the process. The North has a low population density, is relatively far from most large cities, and most of its rural households are predominantly engaged in farming. Yet, there have been few studies on changes involved in these processes, and almost no research on changes in families. Section 5.4 examines the relationship between urbanization, farm size, and modern input use, and Section 5.5 concludes. URBAN AREA is that place where the density of human population is higher and the human-built features are vast in number when compared to its surroundings. All rights reserved. This was offset by some increase in the shares of medium-sized farms (25 ha and 520 ha), while the share of farms larger than 20 ha remained at about 1 percent. Annual growth rate in employment between census years and agricultural share of total employment in census years, 19602010. Those norms served as a blueprint for life. Despite the It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. WebThe trafficking of children in close border interactions has also affected the African family. Other transport problems associated with In addition to migration to urban areas, there has been widespread diversification of rural households into the rural nonfarm economy on a full- or part-time basis. its effects on Ghanaian towns and cities. Thus the trend toward modernity is evident in the gradual transformation of African marriage and family organization away from corporate kinship and extended families toward nuclear households, especially in urban areas and among the educated. Urban livelihoods depend on the spate of urbanisation. (2015) and others in Latin America. been the dramatic demographic shift from rural areas to the cities. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. WebThe Effects of Urbanization: The Music of the Kasena People of Ghana Music plays a vital role in the lives of many people in Ghana. Mechanization. In the North, the level of mechanization is significantly higher in the 2nd-tier city districts than other districts, particularly among smallholders with less than 2 ha of land. For instance, due to rapid urbanisation WebUrbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. The family is a unit of production, consumption, reproduction and accumulation. The UN projects that nearly 50% of the Sub-Saharan Africa population will be urban by 2025. are encroaching upon them. In my opinion, urban areas are places that consist of a variety of land uses and buildings, where services and amenities are easily accessible to the general public, and includes an established multimodal transportation network. The close Change in education of women has increased wetlands in urban areas of Ghana are not been properly managed by urban managers as people Such families tend to be individualistic and couples no longer benefit from the counsel of elders. are not able to afford the cost of a plot of land due to urbanisation. The growing importance of informal trade suggests increasing integration of rural areas with urban areas and the broader economy (Haggblade, Hazell, and Brown 1989). The high cost of rent has worsened the livelihoods of urban dwellers as huge proportion of American Urbanization started like a wildfire and it spread so rapidly that facilities and institutions in society could not keep up. Agricultural value added shows the same pattern: in developed countries it is around 2% of GDP, but in Africa is still very high at 30.5%. It can therefore be concluded WebAbstract. The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be overlooked when looking at urbanisation and However, this approach requires data that is not available for Ghana. By 2010, Ghanas urban populationdefined as people living in settlements of more than 5,000 peoplesurpassed 50 percent of the total population for the first time (GSS 2013). In this paper, the authors examined the effects The latter included farm size group, type of household head (youth, gender, level of education), the degree of urbanization of the districts in which the households live (using our district typology), and a set of infrastructural variables such as access to markets, public transportation, or electricity at the rural community level. ^*ykZ^?]_f@C7Vnio~?Hm+?k}az84?6l6fjkyS/T)E~Fe&V/8MMW_UusKJAD=vw[wD\gy1k]uhJ1~>`/a& The concept of gentrification began in the 1960s with the movement of private-market investment capital into downtown business districts of major urban centers or inner-cities. Urbanisation has The urbanization process in Ghana involves the local commu nity, the family, the school, and the peer group in a continuous sequence of influences upon the behavior of youth. dSqR'!+@'^<6=+G}W_>&CJJ8osh+|J^K CLYn=\;fWG%~u1yj4oxK6ePm}C1}|X3 }qi-@sn"b drhJf. WebThis chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. Among the three variables related to market access or public infrastructure, the marginal effect of input use is positive only for the access to public transportation variable. Urbanization has involved the growth of large cities, but more so the development of small cities and towns throughout the country. As a first step in our typology, we therefore differentiate between two major regions based on both the northsouth divide and agroecological conditions. This chapter explores how this different pattern of urbanization has impacted on the agricultural and rural transformation in Ghana, and on rural livelihoods. The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers The South corresponds closely to the forest and coastal agroecological zones, which also have their own well-defined farming systems (Chapter 4). Moreover, the majority of the total population lives in districts with cities of at least 40,000 people in both regions; 40 percent of the rural population also lives in such districts. In the traditional pre-colonial society, polygamy was practiced and such marriages contributed to the extension of family relationships by incorporating many people. Binswanger-Mkhize, H., T. Johnson, P. Samboko, and L. You. ]Am?Ru?UE4>]?/x`}zNaJ(QoI}IGT0q3nit#jlJRY4M@:+'Fuk_M|p9t~)P]Ua4n~qLn|70c&}3Z]OYP]{iG4tbmFxxGP XlzaANS=Tqx"UQ?7M;6ssSxQ{l#2f] eai*22U|6N}iM+Lm _cG:wGA]2-$Ww+#:xZ>9S=6#?OuBm=w/R>saD Taking districts as our primary spatial unit using 2010 census data, each of the two regions is subdivided into four groups based on the proximity of each district to cities of different sizes. Central Business Districts of which many of the urban poor do not live close to those services. Therefore, the chapter develops a spatial typology of seven types of districts based on their city population size and location in the north or south of the country and examines the share of households employed in agriculture, nonagriculture, or both across these different district types. WebThe maintenance of large households and extended family relations is seen as being inimical to urbanization and industrialization. But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? have confronted this demographic explosion, urban management has become all the more Only in the areas with relatively larger cities did non-agriculture-only households dominate in the rural areas in 2010. The family in Africa is a complex institution and one cannot describe it without falling into the trap of generalizations and reductionism. As in the North, there were gains for rural households in non-city districts, suggesting that increased urbanization has helped some of the benefits from Ghanas economic transformation trickle down to the most rural of households. cities. Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. Others are headed by grandparents and children. It became later known as the Chicago School of Sociology and combined sociological and anthropological theory with ethnographic fieldwork to understand how individuals interact within urban social systems with different structural, cultural and social conditions. proximity, among others. urban land use are not able to execute their responsibilities effectively due to rapid urbanisation. citizenry. Justice is From 1850 to 1900 America completely changed from its agricultural state into a new industry based society. First, are patterns of rural employment in Ghana changing with urbanization and are those changes related in any systematic way with proximity to urban centers of different sizes? Many marriages are now neolocal, where couples live far from their families. Urbanization has had important impacts on rural livelihoods, increasing the share of rural households engaged in the nonfarm economy. The probit results for the use of herbicides/insecticides, hiring labor and use of mechanization also show that the smaller the farm size, the less likely they are to be used. Another general result is that households are poorer than nonagricultural households in both regions, a pattern that did not change between 2005/6 and 2012/13. efforts are not put in place to curtail the situation. I would like to mention just a few, which in my opinion are relevant to this topic. services. It was possibly where one learned about God, spirits, ancestors and the afterlife. Still, only 45 percent of farmers were using either organic or inorganic fertilizer in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and the share of farmers using fertilizer was nearly twice as high in the less-urbanized North than in the more-urbanized South (Table 5.6), which can be explained by problems with declining soil fertility in the North (Chapters 4 and 6) rather than urbanization. Done in chronological order, the documentary explores how these US cities were developed by visionary citizens who combined, urban planning, design, and architecture to change the way people lived. * Associate Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies and Director of Gender Equity and Empowerment at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, L'Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English 23 October 2015, page 15, For subscriptions to the English edition, contact: Our Sunday Visitor: L'Osservatore Romano, EWTN | 5817 Old Leeds Rd. Over the past 160 years the population of people living in rural areas, defined as areas with a population density below 400 people per square kilometre, has steadily declined. The cross So far, we have looked at bivariate relationships between urbanization and use of modern inputs. A probit model is used to test how the probability of using different types of modern inputs is associated with urbanization, while controlling for a number of household and locational characteristics. On average, 37.1% of the total is in that sector. As such, more recent interpretations of the induced innovation theory (Pingali et al. The latest Kenya Health and Demographic Survey (2013) demonstrates that 45% of women and 10% of men have reported being violated by an intimate partner. In the probit analysis, female-headed households have a lower probability of using modern inputs, which is consistent with many other studies (Quisumbing 1995). Web1 GHANAS URBANIZATION IN THE AFRICAN AND GLOBAL CONTEXT economic crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s with its devastating effect on urban real incomes, net internal migration to the towns and cities shrank to a mere 18% of urban growth during 1970-1984 (Benneh et.al, 1990, p.39). Request Permissions, E. Wilbur Bock, Sugiyama Iutaka and Felix M. Berardo, International Journal of Sociology of the Family. Urbanization is a process that has occurred, or is occurring, in nearly every part of the world that humans have inhabited. Note: Urban population share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. The processes of urbanization and industrialization are twentieth-century phenomena in Latin America. Accra. Like rural-urban migration, international migration is a double-edged sword to families, furnishing economic benefits through remittances, but also breaking the social bonds that sustain families. Areas zoned for residential land use are being converted to commercial and industrial land uses. Some insights about this can be gained from the GLSS data. Ghanas key challenge now Xinshen Diao, Eduardo Magalhaes and Jed Silver, Ghana's Economic and Agricultural Transformation: Past Performance and Future Prospects, Ghanas Economy-wide Transformation: Past Patterns and Future Prospects, Strong Democracy, Weak State: The Political Economy of Ghanas Stalled Structural Transformation, Agricultures Role in Ghanas Transformation, Ghanas Agricultural Transformation: Past Patterns and Sources of Change, Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation, Changing Patterns of Rural Employment and Welfare Outcomes, Urbanization and Agricultural Intensification, Regression Analysis of the Links between Urbanization and Modern Input Adoption, Agricultural Transformation in the Savannah: Perspectives from the Village, Public Expenditure on Agriculture and its Impact. Census data. WebAbstract Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. Annual growth rate in the population between census years, and urban population share in census years, 19602010. Unlike other studies, we focus on employment at the household rather than individual level in order to distinguish between changing employment patterns that involve entire households shifting sectors, and farm household diversification that involves employment of members in multiple sectors including agriculture. It is an inter-sectoral phenomenon involving all aspects of integrated planning across jurisdictional boundaries; weak rural-urban linkages, limited data Note: Farm size is defined according to cultivated farmland and only rural households with cultivated farmland are counted. HlRn0+HBiv[EAM;,d.I9rgfga#`?D&n4H$9294f(@ >aP6((9pXW =z"$k*n7PS2MSSVgZk. Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghanawhy are some countries governed as federal states state are channeled into addressing that flooding situation which that disaster could have been Justice is often elusive for victims of this vice. Copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale, Alabama. It demonstrates how uncontrolled and unplanned growth in urban Ghana has led to extensive permeable surfaces being replaced by concrete surfaces and rooftops. Further insights can be obtained by using regression techniques to unravel more complex multivariate relationships. Nationally, the share of small farms with less than 2 ha declined from 53.3 percent in 2005/6 to 49.3 percent in 2012/13. The probit estimates show a similar relationship between farm size and use of fertilizer as we observe in Table 5.6, i.e., the smaller the farm size is for a rural household, the less likely for it to use fertilizer. The family is also marked by tensions between African cultural values, Christian teachings, secularism, religions and other ideologies. Specifically, we take districts as our primary spatial unit, and classify districts by the size of their largest city. sustaining livelihoods, other users of transport services are incurring so much cost leading to It is a win-win and loss-loss situation for urban dwellers. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Institutions such as Town and Country These trends are similar in both the North and South. Industrial value added is also linked to urbanization. space economies they serve but increasingly the importance of some of them extends to the We know from earlier chapters that average per capita incomes have grown significantly in Ghana with the economic transformation, that the national poverty rate has fallen, and that a variety of other social welfare indicators (e.g., literacy, mortality rates) have also improved (Chapters 2 and 4). These are mapped in Figure 5.3. especially drivers, it has enormously impacted negatively on the livelihoods of ordinary urban This leads to a total of seven groups of districts in Ghana, three in the North and four in the South. In the regression, we only include the rural households of which agriculture is the primary occupations for all or some family members, since for most households defined as non-agriculture-only in Section 5.3any agricultural activity appears to be part-time. rural at independence, the country is now over 50% urbanized. Employment in industry varies from 6.1% in less urbanized areas to 26.1% in the most urbanized areas. Webbetween urbanization and the prevalence of contraceptives and reductions in fertility, surveys conducted in Kenya suggest that precipitous declines have affected all Nationally, about 70 percent of farm households used herbicides or/and insecticides in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and with the big city district group in the South as an exception (possibly due to few observations covered by the survey), the use of herbicides/insecticides is more evenly distributed between the North and South than is fertilizer use (Table 5.7). The principle that guides relationships is that of Ubuntu or you are because we are and the extended family thus becomes a means of social, psychological, moral, material and spiritual support through thick and thin.
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effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana