Additionally, reference lists of included articles were scanned for any relevant SRs. AMSTAR 2 classifications and results. The details of the quality appraisal of primary studies included in the SRs are given in Table B in S4 Appendix. Given the wide reach of schools [8] and the fact that school health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9], research on the effectiveness of school health services in LMIC and LIC must be prioritized in order to fulfill Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 and reach universal health coverage by 2030 [51]. 1720 references were identified from the systematic literature search. CCA values for all health areas and calculations are available in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. This overview used the corrected covered area (CCA), a comprehensive and validated measure, to determine overlap [16]. School Health Documentation - National Association of School Nurses - NASN Can these assessments be used for data in school improvement planning processes at the state or local level?Yes. These SRs contained 270 primary studies, 225 of which were unique and 45 were included in more than one SR. The need for quality health care for519-year-olds is great, but globally the quality ofhealth services for them are variable and coverageis limited. It's especially important to keep IEP and 504 plan records. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. However, the SR suggested that the studies were ineffective in changing self-reported risky behaviors, although follow-up was either immediate or short-term (less than 6 months) [35]. Furthermore, this overview exposes a mismatch between the SR literature on effectiveness of school health services and the actual school health services that are most commonly delivered. 570 were duplicates, leaving 1150 titles and abstracts to be screened. An index publication is the first appearance of a primary study within an overview. To investigate the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents, a systematic review of systematic reviews (overview) was conducted. Eleven of the SRs used meta-analysis to combine results [1828], whereas the remaining nine SRs narratively synthesized results [2937]. However, it is difficult to formulate an overarching answer about the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents due to the heterogeneity of SRs found and the evident gaps in the SR literature. This overview presents multiple effective interventions that may be offered as a part of school health services delivered by a health provider. Additional systematic reviews are needed that analyze the effectiveness of comprehensive school health services, and specific services for under-researched health areas relevant for this population. PDF School Health Records: Privacy and access - PACER The National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH 2016-2017) estimated that over 22 million U.S. school-aged children are living with one or two or more health conditions, 11 million have special health care needs, and 7.5 million are not receiving needed care coordination (Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, 2016-2017).With school-aged children spending an average of 180 . There is potential to analyze this data at both the individual and population level to understand the links between health and education as well as the links between health interventions and outcomes. All SRs primarily examined studies on school-based, rather than school-linked interventions. This is problematic given that health disparities for children and adolescents are greater in LMIC and LIC than in higher income countries [10]. Further, they strengthen the rigor of included studies and improve decision-making ability. Calculations for the CCA can be found in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. Additionally, at least 94 countries or territories include some form of school health services that are routinely delivered, as opposed to special research interventions [9]. However, in the studies included in both Gold and colleagues and McDonald and Dreys SRs, the numbers of participants per intervention group were very small: 410 and 1225 per study, respectively, introducing possibility of bias [23,33]. Through a comprehensive literature search, the overview aimed to identify health areas and specific school health service interventions that have at least some evidence of effectiveness. PDF The Importance of Health Records - Scientific Research Publishing Two SRs on dental health screening [18] and behavioral interventions for caries prevention [30] found limited evidence of effectiveness. Staff from all three organizations can assist schools in meeting both their state requirements and their program requirements. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. PDF SCHOOL HEALTH RECORD - Pennsylvania Department of Health School health services staff can help all students with preventive care such as flu shots and vision and hearing screening, as well as acute and emergency care. SRs on oral health interventions focused on prevention [25,30], screening [18], and education [27,30] (Table 3E). The same two reviewers screened the full text of all the potentially or probably eligible articles using a ranked list of the inclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). Vision screening linked with free provision of spectacles, as a component of a comprehensive school eye health program, is an example of a cost-effective form of school health services that may be implemented. Using electronic health records (EHRs) to link school nurses and health care systems is usually limited in scope despite EHRs advancement in these health care systems. What is a school health assessment?A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students health and educational outcomes. Importance of maintaining school health records Given the wide reach of schools and the fact that school health services already exist in most countries, international guidelines are needed to clarify whether school health services can be effective, and if so, which interventions should and should not be included. For students with chronic health conditions, school nurses and other health care providers play a large role in the daily management of their conditions. unclear if a health provider was involved), followed by if less than 50% of studies within a SR fulfilled all inclusion criteria. The search strategy was developed for PubMed and then adapted for the other four databases. The most promising evidence from a SR was on topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25], although the necessity of this intervention may be questioned where flouridated commerical toothpaste is readily available. Because all three school health assessments are based on best practices and focus on known youth health risks, many of the assessment items are similar. Protecting the Privacy of Student Education Records A school official must make a reasonable effort to notify the parent before complying with the subpoena unless the subpoena is issued to enforce a law and specifies not to notify the parent. Data items included the research design of the SR and primary studies, sample description and setting, intervention characteristics, outcomes, meta-analysis results, quality appraisal, and conclusions. The significance of records management to public healthcare facilities and institutions includes operational cost reduction and elimination of duplicated overhead costs; eliminates the creation. In contrast with Gold and colleagues [23], this SR by Sullivan and Simonson found negative effects from music therapy interventions [36]. | 3 Registration Options. Investing in a school management system is perhaps one of the easiest and most effective ways quickest ways institutions make the best sense of student data. They found statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of anxiety for participants who completed the program as compared to those in the control group [32]. Finally, meta-analysis by Werner-Seidler and colleagues of 81 RCTs on the effectiveness of depression and anxiety prevention and group therapy programs found small yet statistically significant effect sizes in favor of the intervention groups for both depression and anxiety as compared to control groups [28]. The full list of the specific reasons for exclusion of full texts is available in Table A within S3 Appendix. Another limitation is that this overview only included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies and other controlled study designs where health professionals delivered the intervention. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. S7 Appendix gives the PRISMA checklist that was used. However, domestic legislation fails to define health records as a legally important collection of health data and documents. Two SRs found evidence for the potential effectiveness of educational interventions for children and adolescents with asthma diagnoses (Table 3A) [31,37]. Silver Spring, MD: Author. All schools funded by the Alliance for a Healthier Generation are required to use the Healthy Schools Inventory for planning, national recognition, and program evaluation. A SR on sexual health interventions for prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan African countries found that educational interventions were successful in increasing knowledge and attitudes for participants (Table 3F) [35]. Finally, creative therapy interventions seem to be effective for indicated populations of school-age children, such as children with autism spectrum disorder [23,33]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212603, Editor: Danuta Wasserman, Karolinska Institutet, SWEDEN, Received: February 5, 2019; Accepted: May 27, 2019; Published: June 12, 2019. DoE Issues New Guidance on FERPA and Student Health Records The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. A meta-analysis of two studies on sanitary pad provision found a moderate but statistically non-significant effect on school attendance. After removal of 705 articles with definitely ineligible titles/abstracts, 445 full text articles were screened using the ranked inclusion/exclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). Meta-analysis found small but statistically significant effect sizes in favor of music therapy for gestural communication, verbal communication, and behavioral problems [23]. Characteristics of included systematic reviews. Due to the heterogeneity of the SRs included in this overview, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. The records you keep can provide specific details press documentation wenn you're talking with aforementioned resources your child needs to succeed in schools. Children as young as eight are among dozens injured by a missile barrage fired at Pavlohrad; Russia has built some of the 'most extensive defences in the world' as its leaders fear a major . Duplication of effort is something all three organizations would like to avoid. More than half of all suicides in 2021 - 26,328 out of 48,183, or 55% - also involved a gun, the highest percentage since 2001. The four SRs that included PRP found mixed evidence [34] or no evidence of effectiveness [19,24,28,39], bringing the popularity of this intervention into question. School nurses also maintain health records on students who fall outside the typical health care provider systems and whose only source of care may be the school nurse. However, it was unclear whether these studies involved a health provider [22]. Meaningful use (MU) of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is an important development in the safety and security of health care delivery in the United States. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. What should I do if I am participating in a program that requires one assessment and the state requires a different one?You can request help from the three organizations listed in this document. Importance of Cumulative Records. Improvements in trauma-related symptoms and impairment were found through narrative assessment of creative expression interventions, cognitive behavioral interventions, and multifaceted interventions [36]. Finally, overlap of primary trials between SRs can bias results of an overview [15]. This SR did not discuss the quality or risk of bias of included studies [35]. School Records: Aim, Types, Maintenance & Cumulative Records The search strategy is presented in S2 Appendix. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Outcome measures were collected from included studies. One reviewer (JL) assessed all SRs and a second (KK) duplicated appraisal of 10%, with 94% agreement and only minor disagreements that did not impact grades of confidence. Additionally, a recent review found that school-based or school-linked health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9]. Only one of the 20 SRs included in this overview examined studies from a majority of LMIC and LIC [22,38]. Health Record to Teacher: Purpose: 1. Mostly favorable evidence of effectiveness was found in a SR of social-emotional interventions for refugee and war-traumatized youth from 26 countries [36]. Items 2, 3 and 4 of Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for risk of bias in overviews of reviews, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. The computer software organizes data in ways that are easy to interpret and put to use. Children's health records can help child care providers identify preven-tive health needs such as immunizations or dental care, prepare a special care plan for children with chronic health conditions . Although mortality and morbidity statistics vary by region and country, it is clear that the health areas included in this overview reflect a small subset of the global burden of disease for children and adolescents. Excellent School Records Behaviour for Effective Management of School health records give the provision for a school nurse to communicate information to students, families, the school multidisciplinary team, emergency personnel, other healthcare providers, and school nurse substitutes. First, an overview is unlikely to include the latest evidence if recent primary studies have not yet been included in SRs. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Searches were performed on June 15, 2018. Only one quasi-experimental study from the United States in 1999 was included in the SR. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Eleven SRs included only cluster- and individually-randomized controlled trials [1921,24,27,28,30,32,34,37], seven SRs included other types of controlled and uncontrolled experimental studies in addition to RCTs [22,25,26,31,33,35,36], and two SRs included only QEs [29] or controlled clinical trials [23]. PDF Electronic Health Records: An Essential Tool for School Nurses to - ed In turn, good health is linked to reduceddrop-out rates and greater educational attainment,educational performance, employment andproductivity. The authors found improvements in classroom behavior, symptoms of ODD, and symptoms of SAD [33]. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Thus, responsibility for interventions may need to be redistributed in countries with limited access to health professionals. None of the SRs evaluated comprehensive, multi-component, or multi-health area school health services. Citation: Levinson J, Kohl K, Baltag V, Ross DA (2019) Investigating the effectiveness of school health services delivered by a health provider: A systematic review of systematic reviews. S4 Appendix. In emergencies, school officials can provide information from education records to protect the health or safety of the student or others. This overview primarily found evidence for special research interventions, suggesting a need for assessment of routinely-delivered school health services. To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. No literature is currently available showing the number of hospitals and health care systems that provide EHR access to school nurses. Hardware interventions included provision of sanitary products and software interventions focused on menstrual management education. SRs were included in this overview if at least 50% of the studies within the SR fulfilled the following criteria: (a) participants were children (ages 59) or adolescents (ages 1019) enrolled in schools; (b) interventions were school-based or school-linked health services, involved a health provider (see definitions in S1 Appendix), and were of any duration or length of follow-up; (c) intervention effectiveness was compared to either no intervention, an alternative intervention, the same intervention in a different setting (i.e. This lag may preclude the ability for an overview to truly reflect current knowledge [13]. While results from primary studies were statistically significant in both SRs, heterogeneity of interventions precluded meta-analysis by Walter and colleagues [37] and no reason was given for why meta-analysis was not performed by Geryk and colleagues [31]. Today, electronic patient records are the accepted norm. This document replaces the School Nurse Role in Electronic School Health Records (January 2014). All three tools are useful for internal planning and program improvement. school health services The final SR on mental health services examined well-being interventions for children with a parent in the military [29]. In 2015, the global means for the primary and secondary net school enrollment rates were 90% and 65%, respectively, thus the potential reach of school health services is wide [8]. Vision screening is one of the most common forms of school health services [9], although the majority of programs are concentrated in high-income countries (HIC) [21]. Arora and colleagues did not find any RCTs that looked at the effectiveness of dental health screening versus no screening on improving oral health outcomes, but their search did locate six RCTs from the United Kingdom and India with dental care attendance as the outcome [18].
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importance of school health records